Hard Knocks

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Concussions, which have in the past been commonly referred to as "getting your bell rung" or "seeing stars," are now taken more seriously as evidence builds of possible long-term effects on brain function from head injuries. Just ask National Football League Hall of Fame quarterbacks Troy Aikman and Steve Young. Both had to retire prematurely because of multiple concussions.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov) estimates that at least 300,000 sports-related concussions occur in the United States each year. Although certain sports like football and ice hockey have higher incidents of concussions, others also carry significant risk, among them soccer, skiing, and cycling.

The Signs
A concussion is a trauma-induced head injury that produces an altered mental state. Contrary to popular belief, a concussion can occur without the loss of consciousness. In fact, only about 10 percent of concussions produce a true blackout.

If you receive a blow to the head and experience any of the following signs, you may have suffered a concussion and should seek medical attention:

• headache
• blurred vision
• loss of balance
• memory loss
• nausea

Grade one concussions are defined by symptoms of confusion without amnesia and mental status abnormalities that resolve in less than 15 minutes. The person may return to sports activities after remaining symptom-free for one week.

Grade two concussions are defined by symptoms of confusion with amnesia and mental status abnormalities lasting more than 15 minutes. The person should not return to sports activities until he or she has been symptom-free for two weeks and receives medical clearance from a physician.

Grade three concussions are applied to anyone who experiences a loss of consciousness. Medical attention should be sought immediately, and return to sports activities should not take place until the person has been symptom-free for one month and receives medical clearance from a physician.